Waste is a human concept.

In nature (which we are a part of) there is no waste. The idea behind designing living systems is to adopt different ways nature manages by-products such that output from one player (waste) becomes input (food) for the next.

Case Studies:

Case 1: Wastewater Treatment

Case 2: Solid Waste Systems

Case 3: Space (as in NASA)

Case 4: Living Machine Curriculum